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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Developing a preventive immunization approach against insect bite hypersensitivity using recombinant allergens: A

Sigridur Jonsdottir1, Eman Hamza2, Jozef Janda2

  • 1Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
|May 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Immunizing horses against insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) using recombinant allergens and IC31® adjuvant induced protective IgG antibodies without adverse IgE reactions, suggesting a promising approach for preventing IBH in exported horses.

Keywords:
HorseIgG subclassesImmunotherapyInsect bite hypersensitivityIntradermalIntralymphatic

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Immunology
  • Allergy and Dermatology
  • Equine Health

Background:

  • Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a common allergic skin disease in horses, particularly affecting Icelandic horses exported to areas with midge (Culicoides spp.) presence.
  • The disease is characterized by IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to midge salivary allergens.
  • Preventive strategies are needed to mitigate IBH incidence in susceptible equine populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of intradermal and intralymphatic vaccination with recombinant Culicoides allergens combined with IC31® adjuvant in preventing IBH.
  • To assess the induced immune responses, including antibody production and sensitization, in vaccinated horses.
  • To determine if immunization can induce blocking antibodies and prevent IgE-mediated reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve Icelandic horses were vaccinated three times with four purified recombinant Culicoides nubeculosus allergens.
  • Vaccination routes included intralymphatic and intradermal injections, with and without the IC31® adjuvant.
  • Immune responses were measured via antibody profiling (IgG subclasses, IgE), sulfidoleukotriene release tests, intradermal skin tests, and cytokine gene expression (IL-4, IL-10).

Main Results:

  • All immunization protocols induced significant levels of allergen-specific IgG antibodies (IgG1, IgG1/3, IgG4/7, IgG5, IgG(T)).
  • The IC31® adjuvant significantly enhanced IgG responses, and intralymphatic delivery showed slightly greater efficacy than intradermal.
  • Vaccination did not induce allergen-specific IgE or hypersensitivity reactions; IgG antibodies demonstrated a capacity to block IgE binding to allergens.

Conclusions:

  • Both intradermal and intralymphatic vaccination with recombinant Culicoides allergens and IC31® adjuvant effectively induce protective IgG responses in horses.
  • The immunization strategy successfully prevented sensitization and IgE-mediated reactions, indicating its potential for IBH prophylaxis.
  • This approach represents a promising candidate for developing immunotherapies and preventive treatments for insect bite hypersensitivity in horses.