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Related Concept Videos

Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER

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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

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It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

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Are ERAD components involved in cross-presentation?

Jeff E Grotzke1, Peter Cresswell1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Molecular Immunology
|May 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding how exogenous antigens enter the cytosol for cross-presentation by MHC-I molecules to CD8(+) T cells remains a challenge. This review explores endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery

Keywords:
Antigen processingCross-presentationDendritic cellsERADMHC

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Antigen presentation is crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • Cross-presentation of exogenous antigens by MHC class I molecules to CD8(+) T cells is vital for immune surveillance.
  • The translocation of exogenous antigens into the cytosol remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the mechanisms of exogenous antigen translocation into the cytosol for MHC class I cross-presentation.
  • To highlight the potential role of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery in this process.
  • To explore alternative pathways for antigen entry into the cytosol.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Discussion of proposed models and hypotheses.
  • Comparative analysis of different translocation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Several mechanisms are proposed for antigen translocation into the cytosol.
  • The ERAD machinery is hypothesized to play a significant role.
  • Other potential pathways for antigen entry are also considered.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating antigen translocation mechanisms is critical for understanding T cell activation.
  • Further research is needed to confirm the precise roles of ERAD and other pathways.
  • This knowledge has implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy.