Lattice Universe: examples and problems

We consider lattice Universes with spatial topologies [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. In the Newtonian limit of General Relativity, we solve the Poisson equation for the gravitational potential in the enumerated models. In the case of point-like massive sources in the [Formula: see text] model, we demonstrate that the gravitational potential has no definite values on the straight lines joining identical masses in neighboring cells, i.e. at points where masses are absent. Clearly, this is a nonphysical result, since the dynamics of cosmic bodies is not determined in such a case. The only way to avoid this problem and get a regular solution at any point of the cell is the smearing of these masses over some region. Therefore, the smearing of gravitating bodies in [Formula: see text]-body simulations is not only a technical method but also a physically substantiated procedure. In the cases of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] topologies, there is no way to get any physically reasonable and nontrivial solution. The only solutions we can get here are the ones which reduce these topologies to the [Formula: see text] one.