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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

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Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity01:22

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Nonlinearity in drug pharmacokinetics is caused by various factors influencing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Understanding these nonlinear processes is crucial for predicting drug behavior in the body and optimizing drug dosing regimens.
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Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables01:28

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Biologics, derived from living sources such as humans, animals, or microorganisms, represent a significant category of pharmaceuticals. These complex molecules, developed through advanced biotechnological methods or purified from natural sources, include essential medical treatments like insulin and growth hormones. The complexity of biologics arises from their large molecular structures and the intricate processes required for their production, making them distinct from conventional...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Nonlinear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon that occurs when the pharmacokinetic parameters of certain drugs deviate from linear pharmacokinetics at higher doses. These drugs do not follow the expected first-order kinetics, where the rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. Instead, they exhibit a nonlinear relationship, which can be attributed to several factors.
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Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney
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[Biologic drug-induced nephropathies].

Cristiana Rollino, Dario Roccatello

    Giornale Italiano Di Nefrologia : Organo Ufficiale Della Societa Italiana Di Nefrologia
    |May 26, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Biologic drugs for rheumatic disorders can cause secondary autoimmune diseases and kidney problems. Early detection and monitoring are key, with drug discontinuation often leading to remission.

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Rheumatology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Increasing use of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bio-DMARDs) for rheumatic disorders.
    • Growing reports of secondary autoimmune diseases and renal complications associated with bio-DMARDs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the association between bio-DMARDs and nephropathies.
    • To highlight the importance of monitoring and early intervention.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of case reports and small series.
    • Analysis of associations between specific bio-DMARDs and glomerular, vascular, or interstitial nephropathies.

    Main Results:

    • Nephropathies can manifest months to over 3 years after initiating bio-DMARDs.

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  • Some glomerular diseases are known comorbidities of the underlying rheumatic condition.
  • Drug discontinuation can lead to remission of nephropathies and autoimmune diseases.

    • Conclusions:

    • Careful pre-treatment evaluation and ongoing monitoring are essential for patients on bio-DMARDs.
    • Renal, nervous, and pulmonary involvement necessitate mandatory drug discontinuation.
    • Corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs may be required for treatment.