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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Green polymer chemistry: enzyme catalysis for polymer functionalization.

Sanghamitra Sen1, Judit E Puskas2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA. ssen@uakron.edu.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Enzyme catalyzed reactions offer a green, selective, and efficient method for polymer functionalization, avoiding toxic solvents and metal catalysts. This biocatalytic approach is ideal for biomedical applications, enhancing polymer properties under mild conditions.

Keywords:
Candida antarctica lipase BMichael additionchemoselectivityenzyme catalysispoly(ethylene glycol)polyisobutylenepolymer functionalization,polysiloxanespolystyreneregioselectivitytransesterification

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biocatalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional polymer functionalization methods often involve harsh conditions, toxic solvents, and metal catalysts, posing environmental and health concerns.
  • Enzyme catalysis presents a sustainable alternative, offering high selectivity, efficiency, and milder reaction conditions.
  • Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is a versatile enzyme increasingly utilized for polymer modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental aspects of chemical reactions biocatalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B.
  • To discuss the application of CALB-catalyzed reactions in creating novel functionalized polymers.
  • To highlight the regio- and chemoselectivity offered by enzymatic approaches in polymer functionalization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of enzyme-catalyzed reactions for polymer functionalization.
  • Focus on reactions mediated by Candida antarctica lipase B.
  • Analysis of reaction selectivity and efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Enzyme-catalyzed reactions provide green, selective, and efficient routes for polymer functionalization.
  • CALB can catalyze reactions under solventless conditions, eliminating the need for toxic metal catalysts.
  • Biocatalysis enables the creation of functionalized polymers with controlled regio- and chemoselectivity, suitable for biomedical applications.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme catalysis, particularly using CALB, is a promising green strategy for advanced polymer synthesis and modification.
  • The avoidance of toxic residues makes biocatalysis highly suitable for biomedical applications.
  • Further exploration of enzyme-catalyzed reactions will drive innovation in sustainable polymer chemistry.