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Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
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Transient Adverse Side Effects During Neurofeedback Training: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Double Blind Study.

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Neurofeedback training, while beneficial, can cause transient side effects. Most participants in this study reported experiencing some adverse effects, with the Sensory Motor Rhythm protocol showing higher sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Clinical neurofeedback training offers known benefits but its adverse side effects are understudied.
  • Understanding transient adverse effects is crucial for patient safety and treatment adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transient adverse side effects of neurofeedback training.
  • To compare side effects across different neurofeedback protocols (Sensory Motor Rhythm, Upper Alpha) and a sham control group.

Main Methods:

  • A double-blind, sham-controlled study involving 30 healthy undergraduate volunteers.
  • Participants were randomized into three groups: increasing modified Sensory Motor Rhythm, increasing Upper Alpha, or a sham/control group.
  • Ten training sessions were administered, with side effect questionnaires completed before each session.

Main Results:

  • Neurofeedback training, like other medical treatments, can induce transient adverse side effects.
  • A majority of participants reported experiencing some form of side effect.
  • Side effects were categorized as non-specific (general to neurofeedback) or specific (protocol-dependent).
  • The Sensory Motor Rhythm protocol appeared most sensitive to adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • Transient adverse side effects are a potential outcome of neurofeedback training.
  • The type and frequency of side effects may vary depending on the specific neurofeedback protocol used.
  • Further research into mitigating these side effects is warranted to optimize neurofeedback therapy.