Neuromuscular issues in systemic disease

The neuromuscular system can be involved in several systemic conditions. Clinical manifestations can appear at onset or throughout the course of the disease process. New investigational methods, including imaging of peripheral nerves, new laboratory tests, and antibodies, are available. In addition to symptomatic therapies, specific treatment options, such as for familial amyloid neuropathy and Fabry's disease, are becoming increasingly available. Pathomechanisms vary depending on the underlying disease process. In addition to metabolic, hormonal, immune, and antibody-mediated mechanisms, in some generalized diseases, genetic causes need to be considered. This review focuses on different aspects of the peripheral nervous system including the nerve roots, plexuses, mononeuropathies and generalized neuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders, muscle, and autonomic nervous system.