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Related Concept Videos

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
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Detecting gene-environment interactions in human birth defects: Study designs and statistical methods.

Caroline G Tai1, Rebecca E Graff1, Jinghua Liu2

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
|May 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating gene-environment interactions (G×E) in birth defects requires careful data collection and analysis. Several population- and family-based methods exist for the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), each with unique strengths and limitations.

Keywords:
National Birth Defects Prevention Studybirth defectscase-onlycongenital heart defectsfamily-based studygene-environment interactiongenetic epidemiologyneural tube defectstransmission disequilibrium test

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Genetic Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • The National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) offers extensive data on family triads.
  • This dataset is valuable for studying gene-environment interactions (G×E) in birth defect etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss critical considerations for collecting genetic and environmental exposure data.
  • To present various analytical approaches for estimating G×E effects within the NBDPS.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of population-based and family-based analytical strategies.
  • Detailed description of data requirements, statistical methods, and pros/cons for each approach.

Main Results:

  • Presentation of case-control, case-only, family-based trio, and maternal vs. fetal effect analyses.
  • Evaluation of different methods applicable to NBDPS data for G×E effect estimation.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple analytical approaches are available for evaluating G×E effects in the NBDPS.
  • Researchers must understand the limitations of each method for appropriate study design and interpretation.