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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

6.9K
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports
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Salt stains from evaporating droplets.

Noushine Shahidzadeh1, Marthe F L Schut1, Julie Desarnaud1

  • 1Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Scientific Reports
|May 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Crystallization patterns from evaporating salt water drops differ from colloidal suspensions. Salt crystal stains depend on crystal wetting and growth, not evaporation rate or substrate properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Sessile droplet behavior is crucial in everyday phenomena and industrial applications like pharmaceutical purification and inkjet printing.
  • Phase changes within droplets due to evaporation or temperature shifts lead to liquid-to-solid transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and differentiate the crystallization patterns of evaporating salt water drops from those of colloidal suspensions.
  • To identify the key factors governing the patterns of salt crystal stains.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled evaporation of water drops containing dissolved salts on various substrates.
  • Microscopic and macroscopic analysis of the resulting salt crystal stains.

Main Results:

  • Evaporating salt water drops form distinct crystallization patterns compared to colloidal suspensions.
  • Salt crystal growth during drying significantly influences stain morphology.
  • Stain patterns are primarily determined by the wetting properties of the forming crystals and their nucleation/growth pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The evaporation rate and substrate thermal conductivity do not significantly impact salt crystal stain patterns.
  • Understanding crystal wetting and growth dynamics is key to controlling salt stain formation in evaporating droplets.