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Related Concept Videos

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

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Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Evaluating the effect of risperidone on speech: A cross-sectional study.

Preeti Sinha1, V P Vandana2, Nikita Vincent Lewis2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.

Asian Journal of Psychiatry
|May 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, mildly impairs speech subsystems like phonation and articulation. This effect on speech characteristics was observed in patients taking risperidone, independent of other symptoms.

Keywords:
Adverse-effectsArticulationAtypical antipsychoticsPhonationRisperidoneSpeech

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Speech subsystems are vulnerable to various factors, including medications.
  • Atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone, can negatively impact speech due to their effects on serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze speech characteristics associated with the atypical antipsychotic risperidone.
  • To compare speech in patients taking risperidone with a control group not on psychotropic medication.

Main Methods:

  • Speech of 92 patients on risperidone (with or without adjunctive medications) was compared to 31 controls.
  • Key speech parameters assessed included maximum phonation duration, diadochokinesis (sequential motion rate), and s/z ratio.

Main Results:

  • Patients on risperidone showed reduced maximum phonation duration (by ~3s) and sequential motion rate (by ~1 syllable/s) compared to controls.
  • The s/z ratio increased by 0.16 in the risperidone group.
  • Laryngeal, lip, and tongue subsystems, along with speech intelligibility, were significantly reduced in patients taking risperidone.

Conclusions:

  • Risperidone mildly impacts phonation and articulation subsystems of speech.
  • These speech effects were independent of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms.
  • Further research, including randomized controlled trials, is needed to explore risperidone's impact on speech, adherence, functioning, and quality of life.