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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

Decreased pulse rate

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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Hypothyroidism with scholastic excellence.

S Salini¹, Shanthi Ramesh¹, Jagdeep Ramesh¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences

|May 28, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A 9-year-old boy with hypothyroidism experienced growth issues and fatigue. Thyroxine treatment improved his physical symptoms, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and management for children with thyroid conditions.

Keywords:

Acquired hypothyroidism neurocognition short stature

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Endocrinology
Immunology

Background:

Hypothyroidism, an endocrine disorder, can affect growth and development in children.
Autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by high thyroid antibody levels, is a common cause of hypothyroidism.

Observation:

A 9-year-old boy presented with significant growth stunting, chronic constipation, lethargy, and loss of appetite.
Despite physical stunting, the patient exhibited excellent neurocognition and scholastic performance.

Findings:

The patient was diagnosed with hypothyroidism with elevated thyroid antibody levels.
Thyroxine supplementation led to a notable improvement in his physical symptoms.

Implications:

Early diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism are crucial for addressing physical symptoms in children.
This case underscores that endocrine disorders do not always correlate with cognitive or academic performance.