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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
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Olfactory dysfunction in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

Lin-Jie Zhang1, Ning Zhao, Ying Fu

  • 1Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.

Journal of Neurology
|May 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction affects over half of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Reduced olfactory bulb volume and gray matter changes in olfactory regions are linked to this deficit in NMOSD patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are autoimmune diseases targeting the central nervous system.
  • Olfactory function and its structural correlates in NMOSDs remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory dysfunction incidence in NMOSD patients.
  • To characterize olfactory structure changes using MRI in NMOSDs.
  • To explore correlations between olfactory function, olfactory structures, and disease markers.

Main Methods:

  • Olfactory function assessed using olfactometry in 49 NMOSD patients and 26 controls.
  • MRI evaluated olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory-related gray matter.
  • Correlations analyzed between olfactory thresholds, OB volume, and serum aquaporin-4 antibodies.

Main Results:

  • 53% of NMOSD patients exhibited olfactory dysfunction.
  • Olfactory dysfunction correlated with smaller OB volume and reduced gray matter in piriform cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and parahippocampal gyri.
  • Olfactory detection thresholds positively correlated with serum aquaporin-4 antibody levels.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory deficits are common in NMOSDs.
  • Reduced OB and olfactory cortex volumes contribute to olfactory dysfunction in NMOSD.
  • Olfactory dysfunction may serve as a potential biomarker in NMOSDs.