Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 11, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
Published on: June 2, 2014
Onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) for chronic migraine treatment: an Italian experience
1Headache Center, Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Via Celoria, 11, 20133, Milan, Italy, grazzi.l@istituto-besta.it.
Abstract:
Chronic migraine is a common and debilitating headache syndrome. Botulinum neurotoxin, a potent toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium botulinum, used largely for treatment of disorders associated with increased muscle tone and hyperhidrosis, is used for patients suffering from chronic migraine. In this study, a group of patients suffering from chronic migraine with medication overuse was treated with onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) to verify its efficacy for chronic migraine. The results confirmed the efficacy of onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) when used at the dosage of 155 UI according to the PREEMPT protocol. Although these results are preliminary, they led to intense efforts to evaluate the analgesic properties of onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) and to assess its use in clinical practice, in particular in migraine field.
Related Concept Videos
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...

