Recent neuroimaging advances in the study of primary headaches

Neuroimaging techniques can be used to investigate both functional and structural features of the brain in patients who have primary headache disorders such as migraine or cluster headache. Improved treatments are needed for both, and this goal will likely be facilitated by a better understanding of the underlying biology. Functional imaging studies have identified regions active during attacks, as well as abnormalities that are present during the interictal period. Volumetric, surface-based morphometric, and tractography studies have revealed structural changes, although whether these represent a cause or effect of the condition remains to be determined. The development of new techniques and modalities promises to yield additional insights in the future. This article aims to review the major findings and most recent advances in neuroimaging of migraine and cluster headache.