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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

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Local Virus Extinctions following a Host Population Bottleneck.

Beatrix Kapusinszky¹, Usha Mulvaney², Anna J Jasinska³

¹Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Journal of Virology

|May 29, 2015

Summary

A population bottleneck in African green monkeys introduced to the Caribbean excluded adult-acquired simian immunodeficiency virus and pegivirus. However, simian anelloviruses persisted due to early infant transmission, impacting the primate virome.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Primate Ecology
Population Genetics

Background:

African green monkeys (AGMs) were introduced to the Caribbean from West Africa in the 1600s, creating a population bottleneck.
Small, isolated populations may be vulnerable to viral outbreaks due to a lack of prior infections.
Understanding viral persistence in founder populations is crucial for predicting disease dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of a host population bottleneck on the virome of African green monkeys.
To compare the viral nucleic acids in the plasma of West African AGMs to those in Caribbean AGMs.
To determine which viruses persisted and which were excluded following the introduction of AGMs to the Caribbean.

Main Methods:

Metagenomic analysis of plasma viral nucleic acids.
Comparison of viral communities in wild AGMs from West Africa (Gambia) and the Caribbean (St. Kitts and Nevis).
Quantification of viral prevalence and assessment of genetic diversity.

Main Results:

West African AGMs harbored simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm), a novel simian pegivirus (SPgVagm), and numerous novel simian anelloviruses.
Caribbean AGMs exclusively harbored anelloviruses, with similar prevalence and genetic diversity to those in Gambian animals.
SIVagm and SPgVagm were absent in Caribbean AGMs, suggesting their exclusion during the population bottleneck.

Conclusions:

The host population bottleneck led to the exclusion of adult-acquired SIVagm and SPgVagm from Caribbean AGMs.
Simian anelloviruses successfully persisted in the Caribbean AGM population, likely due to early infant transmission and high prevalence in the source population.
The age of viral acquisition and transmission routes played a significant role in viral persistence through the bottleneck.