Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

3.6K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
3.6K
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

33.8K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
33.8K
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

3.9K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
3.9K
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

59.6K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
59.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<sup>64</sup>Cu Hypoxia Imaging Radiotracer Targeting the Human Copper Transporter.

Neuromolecular medicine·2026
Same author

Uncovering shared and tissue-specific molecular adaptations to intermittent fasting in liver, brain, and muscle.

eLife·2026
Same author

Developing Topics.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025
Same author

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025
Same author

Dural ectopic lymphatic structures accumulate during aging and exhibit dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Glutamine modulates stress granule formation in cancer cells through core RNA-binding proteins.

Journal of cell science·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.9K

Postnatal TLR2 activation impairs learning and memory in adulthood.

Ravit Madar1, Aviva Rotter1, Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher2

  • 1The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290000, Israel; The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
|May 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early life activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) impacts adult learning and memory. The specific TLR2 heterodimer involved dictates whether cognitive functions are enhanced or impaired, highlighting TLR2

Keywords:
CognitionFear conditioningHippocampusMorris water mazeSpatial learningTLR2Toll-like receptors

More Related Videos

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

12.0K
Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

2.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.9K
Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

12.0K
Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Neuroinflammation during development can negatively impact cognitive functions, including learning and memory.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key innate immune sensors, with TLR2 responding to Gram-positive bacteria and expressed in the developing brain.
  • Early-life infections and subsequent neuroinflammation are linked to motor deficits and behavioral issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that early postnatal TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation adversely affects cognitive behavior in adult mice.
  • To determine the role of specific TLR2 heterodimers (TLR2/1 and TLR2/6) in mediating these effects.
  • To explore the involvement of the TLR2 pathway in learning and memory processes.

Main Methods:

  • Activation of TLR2 heterodimers (TLR2/1 and TLR2/6) in early postnatal mice.
  • Assessment of cognitive behavior, including spatial learning and fear learning, in adult mice.
  • Analysis of transcriptional changes following specific TLR2 heterodimer activation.
  • Evaluation of adult cognitive function in mice with developmental TLR2 deficiency.

Main Results:

  • Postnatal TLR2 activation influenced adult learning and memory in a heterodimer-dependent manner.
  • TLR2/6 activation enhanced motor function and fear learning.
  • TLR2/1 activation impaired spatial learning and enhanced fear learning.
  • Developmental TLR2 deficiency led to impaired spatial learning and enhanced fear learning.
  • TLR2 activation induced distinct transcriptional programs depending on the heterodimer involved.

Conclusions:

  • Early postnatal activation of TLR2 significantly impacts adult cognitive behavior, including learning and memory.
  • The specific TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/1 or TLR2/6) dictates the direction of cognitive effects.
  • The TLR2 pathway plays a critical role in the development of learning and memory, with implications for neurodevelopmental outcomes.