Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

4.8K
Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
4.8K
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

38.6K
Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
38.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Clinically Integrated Pediatric Patient-Derived Xenograft Program Enables Evaluation of Cohort and Patient-Specific Biology and Therapeutic Strategies.

Cancer research·2026
Same author

Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium phase 1 study of CD40 agonist sotigalimab in pediatric and young adult patients with recurrent CNS tumors and newly-diagnosed DIPG.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·2026
Same author

Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of fibrolamellar carcinoma.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)·2026
Same author

Paediatric Therapeutic Development Workshop on rhabdoid tumours.

British journal of cancer·2026
Same author

Pathway for the Development of ATR Inhibitors in Pediatric Malignancies: An ACCELERATE Multistakeholder Analysis.

JCO precision oncology·2026
Same author

Relapsed rhabdoid tumours and other non-nephroblastoma childhood and adolescent kidney tumours: perspectives from the HARMONICA collaboration.

Nature reviews. Urology·2026
Same journal

Birmingham, 1963.

Journal of child neurology·2026
Same journal

Hyperintensity on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in a MELAS Patient Does Not Necessarily Mean Cytotoxic Edema.

Journal of child neurology·2026
Same journal

Neuromuscular Symptoms of <i>ORAI1</i>-Related Immunodeficiency.

Journal of child neurology·2026
Same journal

Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents Attending a Headache Outpatient Clinic and School-Based Controls.

Journal of child neurology·2026
Same journal

Acute Encephalopathy From Central Nervous System Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (CNS HLH) in X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease Type 1 (XLP-1).

Journal of child neurology·2026
Same journal

The Cost of Fear for Pediatric Neurologic Care.

Journal of child neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro
06:52

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro

Published on: October 11, 2022

1.8K

Retinoblastoma.

Michael V Ortiz1, Ira J Dunkel2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA ortizm2@mskcc.org.

Journal of Child Neurology
|May 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinoblastoma, a childhood eye cancer, is often detected by leukocoria or strabismus. Advances in treatment offer excellent survival for intraocular cases and improved outcomes for advanced stages through chemotherapy.

Keywords:
13q deletion syndromeRB1leukocorianeuro-oncologypediatric oncologyretinoblastomatrilateral retinoblastoma

More Related Videos

Use of the Pyrimidine Analog, 5-Iodo-2&#8242;-Deoxyuridine IdU with Cell Cycle Markers to Establish Cell Cycle Phases in a Mass Cytometry Platform
08:37

Use of the Pyrimidine Analog, 5-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine IdU with Cell Cycle Markers to Establish Cell Cycle Phases in a Mass Cytometry Platform

Published on: October 22, 2021

3.4K
Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
07:55

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

12.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro
06:52

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro

Published on: October 11, 2022

1.8K
Use of the Pyrimidine Analog, 5-Iodo-2&#8242;-Deoxyuridine IdU with Cell Cycle Markers to Establish Cell Cycle Phases in a Mass Cytometry Platform
08:37

Use of the Pyrimidine Analog, 5-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine IdU with Cell Cycle Markers to Establish Cell Cycle Phases in a Mass Cytometry Platform

Published on: October 22, 2021

3.4K
Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
07:55

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

12.2K

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Cancer Genetics

Background:

  • Retinoblastoma is the most frequent primary intraocular malignancy in children.
  • Common presenting signs include leukocoria (white pupil) and strabismus (misaligned eyes).
  • Advanced stages may present with proptosis, buphthalmos, or hypopyon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification and staging systems for retinoblastoma.
  • To discuss the evolution of treatment strategies for intraocular and extraocular retinoblastoma.
  • To highlight recent therapeutic advances and their impact on patient prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on retinoblastoma classification and staging.
  • Analysis of historical and contemporary grouping and staging systems (Reese-Ellsworth, ICRB, IRSS).
  • Discussion of treatment modalities, including local therapies and systemic chemotherapy.

Main Results:

  • The RB1 gene mutation on chromosome 13q is the hallmark molecular aberration.
  • The International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) and International Retinoblastoma Staging System (IRSS) are current standards.
  • Intraocular retinoblastoma shows excellent survival with localized treatments.
  • Combination chemotherapy has improved cure rates for higher-stage, extraocular retinoblastoma.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate classification and staging are crucial for guiding retinoblastoma treatment.
  • Therapeutic advances have shifted focus towards less morbid, targeted local treatments for intraocular disease.
  • Systemic chemotherapy offers a viable cure for patients with extraocular or metastatic retinoblastoma, improving overall prognosis.