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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open....
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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
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Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
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Musician's dystonia.

Jon Sussman

    Practical Neurology
    |May 30, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Musician's dystonia is a task-specific focal dystonia affecting musicians, often misdiagnosed due to its subtle, painless nature. It stems from exaggerated brain plasticity, with treatments like musical retraining showing potential.

    Keywords:
    Motor learningMusician’s dystoniaNeuroplasticity

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Movement Disorders
    • Music Medicine

    Background:

    • Musician's dystonia is a task-specific focal dystonia impacting embouchure or hand digits.
    • Delayed diagnosis is common due to painless, intermittent symptoms, often leading to misdiagnosis as overuse injuries.
    • The condition is linked to pathological brain plasticity, an over-exaggeration of neural adaptations necessary for musical expertise.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the nature of musician's dystonia.
    • To differentiate it from other common overuse or tendon pathologies.
    • To explore potential therapeutic avenues targeting aberrant neural plasticity.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of physiological studies on brain plasticity in musicians.
    • Analysis of clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges.
    • Evaluation of current treatment outcomes.

    Main Results:

    • Musician's dystonia is characterized by task-specific motor control deficits.
    • Pathological brain plasticity is implicated as the underlying mechanism.
    • Current treatments, including botulinum toxin and rehabilitation, offer limited but potential benefits.

    Conclusions:

    • Musician's dystonia arises from maladaptive neural changes in the musician's brain.
    • Accurate diagnosis requires distinguishing it from overuse disorders.
    • Interventions focused on modifying aberrant plasticity may improve outcomes.