Behavioral and endocrine consequences of heterosexual pair formation in squirrel monkeys

The South American squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) typically lives in large social groups containing several individuals of all age/sex categories. When living in established heterosexual pairs, reproduction in this seasonally breeding primate is poor. We attempted to induce breeding activity in pair-housed monkeys by forming new heterosexual pairs just prior to the breeding season. Breeding readiness, as reflected in behavior and gonadal hormones, was induced in males, but not in females. Males also showed persistent increases in cortisol levels following formation of new heterosexual pairs; females did not. The results indicate that social stimulation provided by a single novel female is sufficient to enhance breeding readiness in male squirrel monkeys. Females, on the other hand, are apparently unresponsive to a single male whether novel or familiar; this may account for the poor reproductive success in squirrel monkeys housed in heterosexual pairs.