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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Valley polarization assisted spin polarization in two dimensions.

V T Renard1, B A Piot2, X Waintal1

  • 1Université Grenoble Alpes/CEA, INAC-SPSMS, F-38000, Grenoble, France.

Nature Communications
|June 2, 2015
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Valleytronics research shows that less magnetic field is needed to align electron spins in silicon quantum wells when valleys are polarized. This suggests a new strongly correlated electron liquid state at low densities.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Valleytronics utilizes electron valley polarization to modify physical properties in 2D systems.
  • Electron-electron interactions in valley-polarized systems lead to phenomena like the fractional quantum Hall effect.
  • Understanding spin alignment in magnetic fields is crucial for valleytronics applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate electron spin alignment in magnetic fields within valley-polarized silicon-on-insulator quantum wells.
  • To compare spin polarization behavior in valley-polarized versus valley-degenerate systems.
  • To explore the role of electron-electron interactions in these phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of electron spin alignment in silicon-on-insulator quantum wells.
  • Application of magnetic fields to induce spin polarization.
  • Parameter-free ab initio quantum Monte Carlo simulations for theoretical validation.

Main Results:

  • Less magnetic field is required to fully spin polarize a valley-polarized system compared to a valley-degenerate one.
  • Experimental observations are quantitatively supported by quantum Monte Carlo simulations.
  • The findings indicate greater stability of the spin- and valley-degenerate system against ferromagnetic instability and Wigner crystallization.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals counterintuitive spin polarization behavior in valley-polarized silicon quantum wells.
  • Results suggest the existence of a novel strongly correlated electron liquid at low electron densities.
  • This work advances the understanding of electron interactions and spin dynamics in emerging valleytronic devices.