Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

5.2K
Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
5.2K
Design Example01:23

Design Example

644
The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
644
Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

5.1K
Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and...
5.1K
Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

5.1K
The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
5.1K
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

1.5K
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
1.5K
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

1.3K
The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Approaches and limitations of using extractable organofluorine - combustion ion chromatography to assess PFAS Total in drinking water.

Environmental science. Processes & impacts·2026
Same author

Elucidating Unknown Organofluorine in Municipal Wastewater: A Mass Balance Approach including Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Nontarget and Suspect Screening of Fluorinated Ionic Liquids and PFAS in European Wastewaters Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography.

Environmental science & technology·2025
Same author

Genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic sequencing data of the B-cell leukemia cell line REH.

BMC research notes·2023
Same author

Further Insight into Extractable (Organo)fluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Tap Water from Shanghai, China.

Environmental science & technology·2023
Same author

Arteria: An automation system for a sequencing core facility.

GigaScience·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research
07:15

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Published on: December 18, 2020

5.2K

Using Sound to Reduce Visual Distraction from In-vehicle Human-Machine Interfaces.

Pontus Larsson1, Mathias Niemand

  • 1a Driver Environment & Human Factors, Advanced Technology & Research , Volvo Group Trucks Technology , Göteborg , Sweden.

Traffic Injury Prevention
|June 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Spearcons (time-compressed speech sounds) significantly reduced driver visual distraction and improved performance. Earcons (musical sounds) did not offer these benefits, highlighting spearcons as a promising auditory aid for in-vehicle interfaces.

Keywords:
auditory displaysdistractionearconshuman–machine interfacesinattentionspearcons

More Related Videos

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors
07:25

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Published on: March 27, 2019

13.3K
An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
07:56

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Published on: March 13, 2026

128

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research
07:15

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Published on: December 18, 2020

5.2K
Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors
07:25

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Published on: March 27, 2019

13.3K
An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
07:56

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Published on: March 13, 2026

128

Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Automotive Safety
  • Auditory Displays

Background:

  • Driver distraction is a primary cause of road accidents.
  • In-vehicle interfaces, like navigation and media players, contribute to visual distraction.
  • Menu browsing tasks require off-road glances, increasing crash risk despite design guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if auditory cues in in-vehicle interfaces can reduce visual distraction during menu browsing.
  • To compare the effectiveness of two sound concepts: spearcons and earcons.

Main Methods:

  • A simulator study with 14 participants (ages 36-59) performing driving and interface tasks.
  • Experimental design included three sound conditions: no sound, earcons, and spearcons.
  • Eye glances were tracked using an eye tracker; self-assessed driving performance was also recorded.

Main Results:

  • Spearcon sounds significantly reduced total glance time and the number of glances compared to the baseline (no sound).
  • Earcon sounds did not demonstrate significant distraction-reducing effects.
  • Participants reported higher driving performance with spearcons than with baseline or earcons.

Conclusions:

  • Spearcon sounds effectively reduce visual distraction in in-vehicle interfaces.
  • Earcon sounds did not yield comparable distraction reduction or performance enhancement.
  • Further research is needed on driver acceptance and real-world performance of spearcons and other auditory displays.