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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
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Modified olfactory training in patients with postinfectious olfactory loss.

Aytug Altundag1, Melih Cayonu2, Gurkan Kayabasoglu3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngoglogy (ORL), Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

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Summary

Olfactory training (OT) improves smell function. Extending the duration and varying the odors used in OT enhances treatment success for patients with olfactory dysfunction.

Keywords:
Olfactionanosmiaregenerationsmell

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction affects a significant portion of the population.
  • Structured olfactory training (OT) involving repeated odor exposure is a recognized therapy.
  • The optimal parameters for OT, such as duration and odor variety, require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of increased odor variety and extended training duration on the effectiveness of olfactory training.
  • To compare modified olfactory training (MOT) with 12 odors against classical odor training (COT) with 4 odors.
  • To evaluate the long-term effects of continuous versus varied odor exposure in OT.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 85 patients with postinfectious olfactory dysfunction.
  • Three groups were formed: modified olfactory training (MOT) with 12 odors, classical odor training (COT) with 4 odors, and a control group without OT.
  • All participants underwent 36 weeks of training, with odor sets changed at weeks 12 and 24 in the MOT group.

Main Results:

  • Both MOT and COT groups demonstrated significant improvements in odor discrimination and identification compared to the control group.
  • Continuing OT with a varied set of four odors after weeks 12 and 24 yielded superior odor discrimination and identification scores compared to using the same four odors throughout.
  • The study confirmed the efficacy of olfactory training in improving olfactory function.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory training is an effective therapy for olfactory dysfunction.
  • Increasing the duration of olfactory training and incorporating a variety of odors enhances treatment outcomes.
  • These findings suggest that optimizing OT protocols can lead to greater success rates in restoring olfactory function.