Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Differential Scanning Calorimetry — A Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability and Conformation of Protein Antigen
Published on: March 4, 2017
Temperature-dependent energy levels and size-independent thermodynamics
1Department of Natural Science, Sør-Trøndelag University College, 7004 Trondheim, Norway. rodrigo.demiguel@hist.no.
Abstract:
We show that, by properly adopting the notion of temperature-dependent energy levels, the standard tools of differential thermodynamics can be used for a consistent thermostatistical description irrespective of system size. In this framework the paradigmatic (yet not always descriptive) large-system limit is no longer a necessary assumption for differential thermodynamics. We present a generalized relation between temperature and internal energy which extends thermodynamics all the way to isolated quantum systems.
Related Concept Videos
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
The applied heat increases the internal energy of a system. Hence, conventionally heat is considered...
First Law of Thermodynamics

