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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Psychiatry
    • Neurology

    Background:

    • Mania and hypomania are central to bipolar disorder and frequently observed in neurological patients.
    • Manic syndromes can be triggered by medications used for neurological conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, and course of bipolar disorder post-manic episode.
    • To explore mania as a manifestation of neurological disease.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of primary mania, bipolar disorder, and neurological disease interactions.
    • Analysis of neurobiological mechanisms and treatment strategies.

    Main Results:

    • Mania can be a primary psychiatric condition or a symptom of neurological disorders, particularly right-sided cerebrovascular disease.
    • Neurologic treatments like corticosteroids and dopaminergic agents can induce mania.
    • The neurobiology of mania involves intracellular signaling, gene expression, neural networks, and apoptosis.
    • Mania is typically recurrent, often alternating with depression, and can become more complex and treatment-refractory over time.

    Conclusions:

    • Behavioral symptoms of mania may be more prominent than affective ones, especially in aprosodia.
    • Atypical antipsychotics are first-line for acute mania, but long-term prophylactic evidence is limited.
    • Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer with potential neuroprotective effects, though memory impairment is a possible side effect.