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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

16.4K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
16.4K
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

136.5K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
136.5K
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

17.4K
Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
17.4K
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

2.3K
The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
2.3K
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

8.2K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
8.2K
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

23.0K
Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
23.0K

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Related Experiment Video

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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

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Hydrogen bond dynamics in bulk alcohols.

Keisuke Shinokita1, Ana V Cunha1, Thomas L C Jansen1

  • 1Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|June 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Alcohols exhibit unique hydrogen bond dynamics, differing from water due to molecular structure. This study reveals slow hydrogen bond exchange in alcohols, impacting chemical and biological processes.

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The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Biophysical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogen-bonded liquids like water are crucial in chemistry and biology.
  • Water's hydrogen bond dynamics are well-studied, but alcohols remain less understood.
  • Alcohols differ from water in hydrogen bonding capacity and hydrophobic groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate hydrogen bond dynamics in methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol.
  • Compare alcohol dynamics to water using advanced spectroscopy and simulations.
  • Understand the role of molecular structure in hydrogen bond exchange.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized polarization-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy.
  • Employed 2D infrared spectroscopy.
  • Supported findings with extensive theoretical modeling and quantum mechanical simulations.

Main Results:

  • Sub-picosecond dynamics in alcohols resemble water, driven by librational and bond-stretch motions.
  • Alcohols display slow diffusion-controlled hydrogen bond exchange dynamics.
  • These exchange dynamics are largely absent in water due to structural differences.

Conclusions:

  • Alcohol hydrogen bond dynamics are influenced by the lower density of donors and acceptors.
  • The interplay of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups affects hydrogen bonding in alcohols.
  • Findings offer insights into natural processes involving alcohols and hydrophobic interactions.