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Evolutionary dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage

Saravanan Subramaniam1, Jajati K Mohapatra1, Gaurav K Sharma1

  • 1ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India.

Veterinary Microbiology
|June 8, 2015
PubMed

Insights

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O Ind2001 lineage evolution was analyzed. This lineage shows genetic divergence and antigenic diversity, impacting vaccine effectiveness against FMD outbreaks.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Molecular Evolution
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O, particularly the Ind2001 lineage, is a primary driver of FMD outbreaks in India.
  • The Ind2001 sub-lineage has been linked to severe outbreaks in southern India and has emerged in new geographical regions like Libya.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform a detailed evolutionary analysis of the FMDV Ind2001 lineage.
  • To understand the genetic diversity, evolutionary rate, and antigenic properties of the Ind2001 lineage.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method.
  • Calculation of nucleotide substitution rates and evolutionary time scale.
  • Identification of codons under positive selection in the VP1 region.
  • 2D-microneutralization tests (2D-MNT) to assess antigenic relationships.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major splits and three distinct sub-lineages within the Ind2001 lineage.
  • The mean nucleotide substitution rate was estimated at 6.338×10⁻³ substitutions/site/year, with an estimated origin around 1989.
  • Sub-lineage Ind2001d, responsible for 2013 outbreaks, showed greater genetic divergence.
  • Seven codons in the VP1 region were under positive selection, and antigenic analysis indicated diversity among recent strains, with some showing poor cross-reactivity to the standard vaccine.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of the Ind2001 lineage deviates from a strict molecular clock, exhibiting complex dynamics of emergence and re-emergence.
  • Observed antigenic diversity suggests potential limitations in current vaccine-induced immunity against circulating FMDV strains.
  • Understanding the evolutionary trajectory and antigenic variation of FMDV Ind2001 is crucial for effective disease control strategies.
Keywords:
Foot-and-mouth diseaseInd2001 lineageSerotype O

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