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Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage02:01

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

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Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

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Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
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Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
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Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview01:31

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview

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There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents results in a carboxylic acid.  Aldehydes can also be oxidized in the presence of mild oxidizing agents.
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Updated: Apr 11, 2026

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Isotetronic acids from an oxidative cyclization.

Zhe Zhou1, Patrick M Walleser, Marcus A Tius

  • 1Chemistry Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. tius@hawaii.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selenium dioxide oxidation of unsaturated ketones triggers a reaction cascade, efficiently forming valuable isotetronic acid compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • α,β-unsaturated methyl ketones are versatile organic compounds.
  • Isotetronic acids are important structural motifs in natural products and pharmaceuticals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reaction of α,β-unsaturated methyl ketones with selenium dioxide.
  • To explore the formation of isotetronic acids via a cascade reaction pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Oxidation of α,β-unsaturated methyl ketones using selenium dioxide.
  • Analysis of reaction products and intermediates.

Main Results:

  • The oxidation reaction proceeds through a cascade mechanism.
  • Isotetronic acids are formed as the final products of the reaction cascade.
  • The method provides an efficient route to substituted isotetronic acids.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium dioxide is an effective reagent for the synthesis of isotetronic acids from α,β-unsaturated methyl ketones.
  • The observed cascade reaction offers a novel synthetic strategy for accessing isotetronic acid derivatives.