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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Next-generation Sequencing03:00

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

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Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
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Reconstructing ancient genomes and epigenomes.

Ludovic Orlando1, M Thomas P Gilbert2, Eske Willerslev3

  • 11] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen 1350C, Denmark. [2] Université de Toulouse, University Paul Sabatier (UPS), Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Technological advances now allow whole-genome sequencing of ancient DNA (aDNA), even from highly degraded samples up to 1 million years old. This review covers the challenges and solutions for ancient DNA and epigenome sequencing.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleogenomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ancient DNA (aDNA) research was historically limited by low yields and extensive DNA damage.
  • Previous methods could only analyze small fragments of genetic information from ancient specimens.

Observation:

  • Recent technological breakthroughs, especially in high-throughput sequencing, have revolutionized aDNA recovery and analysis.
  • These advances enable whole-genome sequencing and epigenomic characterization of ancient individuals and extinct species.
  • Specimens up to 1 million years old, previously inaccessible, can now be sequenced.

Findings:

  • High-throughput sequencing technologies have overcome major hurdles in aDNA analysis.
  • Successful sequencing of highly degraded and contaminated ancient DNA is now feasible.
  • The scope of ancient genomics has expanded to include whole genomes and epigenomes.

Implications:

  • Enables deeper insights into the evolutionary history and biology of ancient populations and extinct species.
  • Opens new avenues for studying ancient diseases, adaptations, and population dynamics.
  • Facilitates the reconstruction of ancient environments and past life forms through genetic data.