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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

A Multiple Integrated Social Stress Model for Psychiatric Disorders in Female C57BL/6J Mice
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Dysfunctional error-related processing in female psychopathy.

J Michael Maurer1, Vaughn R Steele2, Bethany G Edwards3

  • 1The Nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN), an Affiliate of the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, mmaurer@mrn.org kkiehl@unm.edu.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
|June 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Female psychopaths show impaired post-error processing, similar to males. This study found reduced error-related positivity (Pe) in incarcerated women with psychopathic traits, indicating deficits in later error evaluation, not early error detection.

Keywords:
error-related negativityerror-related positivityevent-related potentialsfemale psychopathyprincipal component analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Forensic Psychiatry

Background:

  • Psychopathy research has historically focused on males, with less known about cognitive differences in females.
  • Existing research suggests affective deficits are similar in male and female psychopaths, but cognitive findings, particularly in response modulation, are inconsistent.
  • This inconsistency suggests potential gender differences in error processing within psychopathic personality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender differences in error-related processing in psychopathy.
  • To examine event-related potential (ERP) components, specifically the error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) and error-related positivity (Pe), in incarcerated female offenders.
  • To determine if psychopathic traits in females are associated with distinct neural correlates of error monitoring and post-error processing.

Main Methods:

  • A Go/NoGo task was administered to 121 incarcerated adult female offenders.
  • Psychopathy was assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R).
  • Response-locked ERP components (ERN/Ne and Pe) were analyzed using traditional windowed analysis and principal component analysis (PCA).

Main Results:

  • Female psychopaths exhibited intact error monitoring, evidenced by normal ERN/Ne amplitude.
  • A significant deficiency was observed in post-error processing, indicated by reduced Pe amplitude in female psychopaths.
  • Psychopathic traits, particularly interpersonal and affective dysfunction, predicted reduced Pe amplitude, suggesting these traits are linked to impaired post-error processing.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first evidence that incarcerated female psychopaths display dysfunctional post-error processing, mirroring findings in male psychopaths.
  • The results suggest that deficits in the neural mechanisms of post-error processing (Pe) are a shared characteristic of psychopathy across genders.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering gender in neurocognitive research on psychopathy and its associated deficits.