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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

732
Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
732
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

7.2K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.7K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

987
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
987

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Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
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Articaine hydrochloride: is it the solution?

Seyed Hamzeh Aghaie Kakroudi, Shamir Mehta, Brian J Millar

    Dental Update
    |June 12, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Articaine hydrochloride is a safe and effective dental local anesthetic. While paresthesia is a rare risk, evidence does not show it

    Area of Science:

    • Dentistry
    • Pharmacology
    • Anesthesiology

    Background:

    • Articaine hydrochloride is increasingly used as a dental local anesthetic.
    • Its safety and efficacy have been documented.
    • Paraesthesia is a rare adverse effect associated with dental local anesthetics, particularly after nerve blocks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the benefits and drawbacks of articaine hydrochloride.
    • To update readers on its use in dental local analgesia.
    • To discuss pharmacology, efficacy, and safety concerns, including nerve paraesthesia risks.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of scientific articles and clinical studies.
    • Analysis of pharmacological properties, efficacy data, and reported adverse events.

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  • Comparison of articaine hydrochloride with other dental local anesthetics regarding safety profiles.

    • Main Results:

    • Articaine hydrochloride is generally considered safe and effective for dental local anesthesia.
    • No current evidence suggests a higher risk of paraesthesia with articaine compared to other local anesthetics.
    • The risk of paraesthesia is rare and primarily associated with nerve block injections.

    Conclusions:

    • Articaine hydrochloride offers a favorable risk-benefit profile for dental local analgesia.
    • Clinicians should be aware of potential drawbacks, such as paraesthesia, and administer injections carefully.
    • Further research may be warranted to fully elucidate the long-term safety and efficacy of articaine hydrochloride.