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Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

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Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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Parenting Styles01:27

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Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles — authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and permissive — each influence children's socio-emotional development differently.
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Updated: Apr 10, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Motherhood: a discrepancy theory.

Mary Adams

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    |June 12, 2015
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New mothers may experience disappointment when their reality doesn't match societal ideals of motherhood. This nursing theory helps understand and manage postpartum mood disorders.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nursing Theory Development
    • Psychology
    • Women's Health

    Background:

    • Societal ideals of motherhood can create unrealistic expectations for women.
    • A mismatch between the ideal and actual self can lead to negative emotions like fear, guilt, or shame.
    • Existing nursing theories did not adequately describe the emotional responses to the discrepancy between ideal and actual motherhood experiences.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive a nursing theory from existing psychological concepts to explain the phenomenon of self-discrepancy in motherhood.
    • To provide a framework for understanding and addressing postpartum mood disorders.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized "Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect" by Higgins (1987) from psychology.
    • Adapted psychological concepts and definitions to create a nursing-specific theory.
    • Focused on the derivation of a testable, mid-range nursing theory.

    Main Results:

    • A new, testable mid-range nursing theory was derived from psychological principles.
    • The theory addresses the emotional impact of the gap between ideal and actual motherhood experiences.
    • This derived theory offers a novel approach to understanding postpartum mood disorders.

    Conclusions:

    • The derived nursing theory provides a framework for analyzing the emotional responses of new mothers.
    • This theory has the potential to significantly inform nursing interventions for postpartum mood disorders.
    • Further testing and application of this theory in nursing practice are warranted.