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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Related Experiment Video

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Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

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Spatial specificity and inheritance of adaptation in human visual cortex.

Jonas Larsson1, Sarah J Harrison2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom jonas.larsson@rhul.ac.uk.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|June 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Early visual adaptation influences later brain areas, impacting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. This research clarifies how inherited adaptation affects visual processing and fMRI interpretations.

Keywords:
V1adaptationextrastriate visual areasfMRIvisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Sensory adaptation can propagate to downstream brain regions.
  • Inherited adaptation poses challenges for interpreting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, which relies on adaptation to infer neuronal selectivity.
  • The extent of inherited adaptation and its influence on higher cortical areas are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how adaptation to visual motion direction and orientation affects neural responses in human V1 and extrastriate visual areas using fMRI.
  • To differentiate between inherited and intrinsic adaptation by measuring the spatial specificity of adaptation in different visual areas.
  • To assess the impact of early-stage adaptation on downstream visual processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fMRI to measure brain activity in response to visual stimuli.
  • Quantified the spatial specificity of adaptation in V1 and extrastriate visual areas to infer the origin of adaptation.
  • Compared spatial specificity across visual areas to distinguish between adaptation inherited from V1 and adaptation intrinsic to extrastriate areas.

Main Results:

  • In most extrastriate areas, adaptation spatial specificity matched V1, indicating adaptation originated in V1.
  • Direction-selective adaptation in the MT area showed broader spatial specificity than V1, suggesting a mix of inherited and intrinsic adaptation.
  • Inherited adaptation effects were found to be both facilitatory and suppressive.

Conclusions:

  • Early visual adaptation significantly impacts responses in downstream extrastriate areas, with widespread effects.
  • These findings impose constraints on the interpretation of fMRI adaptation studies.
  • A novel experimental strategy was demonstrated for distinguishing inherited from intrinsic adaptation using fMRI.