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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

61.7K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.3K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

11.9K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
11.9K
The Retina01:32

The Retina

78.7K
The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
78.7K
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

1.9K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
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Direct encoding of orientation variance in the visual system.

Liam J Norman, Charles A Heywood, Robert W Kentridge

    Journal of Vision
    |June 13, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reveals how the brain processes texture irregularity, specifically orientation variance. Adaptation experiments show this visual perception is encoded early in the brain, independent of overall orientation.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Visual Perception
    • Computational Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Human visual system effortlessly perceives regional texture irregularity, such as orientation variance.
    • Mechanisms for encoding regional statistics like orientation variance remain poorly understood.
    • Evidence suggests broad neural tuning for high or low variance levels.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate the neural encoding of orientation variance.
    • Determine if orientation variance is processed independently of mean orientation.
    • Ascertain the cortical stage at which orientation variance is encoded.

    Main Methods:

    • Selective adaptation paradigm using textures with varying orientation variance.
    • Perceptual aftereffect measurements to assess changes in perceived variance.

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  • Testing invariance to mean orientation changes.
  • Examining spatiotopic reference frame dependency.
  • Assessing orientation variance sensitivity in a patient with selective cortical damage.

    • Main Results:

    • Selective adaptation to high or low orientation variance induced significant perceptual aftereffects.
    • These aftereffects were orientation-independent, suggesting variance encoding is separate from mean orientation.
    • The orientation variance aftereffect was not spatiotopically mapped, unlike the retinotopically mapped tilt aftereffect.
    • A patient with ventral cortex damage but intact early visual areas retained orientation variance sensitivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Orientation variance is directly encoded by the visual system.
    • This encoding likely occurs at an early cortical stage.
    • The neural representation of orientation variance is independent of global orientation statistics.