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Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...

Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography

Published on: December 9, 2022

Hydatid cyst of bone.

F Babitha¹, P V Priya, U Poothiode

¹Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

|June 13, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydatid disease, a rare cause of bone lesions, can present as a pathological fracture. Diagnosis of this echinococcal infection is confirmed via histopathology, often when extensive.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Infectious Diseases
Radiology

Background:

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus tapeworms.
Bone involvement is rare, often presenting as cystic or lytic lesions.
It is an uncommon differential diagnosis for bone abnormalities.

Observation:

A middle-aged female presented with a pathological fracture of the femur.
The lesion was initially suspected to be a common bone abnormality.
Imaging revealed cystic/lytic features requiring further investigation.

Findings:

The case confirmed echinococcal infection (hydatid disease) of the femur.
Diagnosis was established through histopathological examination of the affected bone tissue.
The extensive nature of the lesion at diagnosis is typical for bone hydatidosis.

Implications:

Highlights the importance of considering rare parasitic infections in bone pathology.
Emphasizes the role of histopathology in confirming hydatid disease of bone.
Suggests that early diagnosis may be challenging due to asymptomatic presentation.