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Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Oestrogen replacement in postmenopausal women.

Jenifer Sassarini¹, Mary Ann Lumsden¹

¹Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.

|June 14, 2015

Summary

Hormone therapy (HT) effectively treats menopausal vasomotor symptoms like hot flashes. Short-term, low-dose HT is a reasonable option for healthy, recently menopausal women with moderate to severe symptoms, balancing benefits against risks.

Keywords:

menopause oestrogen replacement therapy older people

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Endocrinology
Women's Health
Menopause Management

Background:

Menopausal symptoms, particularly vasomotor symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats, significantly impact women's quality of life.
Oestrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) is a highly effective treatment for these common menopausal complaints.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the benefits and risks associated with oestrogen therapy for menopausal symptom management.
To provide guidance on the appropriate use of HT for recently menopausal women.
To explore the role of HT in chronic disease prevention.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on hormone therapy for menopause.
Discussion of clinical guidelines and expert consensus regarding HT use.
Analysis of the risk-benefit profile of oestrogen therapy.

Main Results:

Short-term, low-dose oestrogen therapy is considered a reasonable option for recently menopausal women with moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms and good cardiovascular health.
HT is not universally suitable for all women or all menopause-related symptoms, especially when effective alternatives exist.

Conclusions:

The decision to initiate HT requires careful consideration of individual benefits versus potential risks.
HT can be a safe and effective treatment when used appropriately for specific patient populations and symptom profiles.
The broader role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in chronic disease prevention warrants further discussion and research.