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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
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Controversies in age estimation from developing teeth.

Helen M Liversidge1

  • 1a Queen Mary University of London, Bart's and The Royal School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry , Turner Street , London , UK.

Annals of Human Biology
|June 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate age estimation from developing teeth is crucial. Adapted maturity data (L9a and N25a) for the second molar provided the best results, with a mean absolute difference of 0.8 years.

Keywords:
Accuracycrown and root stagedental age estimationdental radiographpermanent toothtooth stage

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Existing dental reference data for age estimation from developing permanent teeth are numerous.
  • Accurate age assessment is vital in various fields, including forensic science and orthodontics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare the performance of different reference data sets for age estimation using the developing second molar.
  • To determine the most accurate method for dental age estimation in children and adolescents.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 946 dental radiographs from the Maber test (ages 3-16) was used to compare age estimation methods.
  • Mandibular second molar formation was analyzed, calculating mean and mean absolute differences between dental and chronological ages.
  • Performance was assessed across different tooth staging systems (Demirjian, Moorrees), sex-specific data, and statistical approaches.

Main Results:

  • Probit mean age (age-at-transition) adapted for age prediction demonstrated the highest accuracy.
  • Sex-specific reference data and Moorrees stages showed marginally better results than other methods.
  • Age estimation accuracy decreased significantly for individuals aged 15 and 16 years.

Conclusions:

  • Adapted maturity data L9a and N25a reference data for the second molar performed best across various age categories and tooth developmental stages.
  • The optimal methods achieved a mean absolute difference of 0.8 years for dental age estimation.
  • Limitations exist for estimating age in older adolescents using current dental reference data.