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When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease...
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Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
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Sensitivity of liquid clouds to homogenous freezing parameterizations.

Ross J Herbert1, Benjamin J Murray1, Steven J Dobbie1

  • 1School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Leeds, UK.

Geophysical Research Letters
|June 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Homogeneous ice nucleation significantly impacts cloud properties even at warmer temperatures like -30°C. Current models often underestimate this effect, highlighting the need for improved parameterization in climate studies.

Keywords:
cloud glaciationcloud icedroplet freezinghomogeneous nucleationice nucleationmixed-phase clouds

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Cloud Physics
  • Climate Modeling

Background:

  • Supercooled water droplets in clouds can freeze via homogeneous ice nucleation.
  • Current models often assume homogeneous ice nucleation only occurs below -40°C.
  • Laboratory data indicate nucleation occurs at warmer temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of homogeneous ice nucleation on cloud properties at warmer temperatures.
  • Assess the sensitivity of cloud development to homogeneous ice nucleation rates.
  • Evaluate the accuracy of current threshold approximations for nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a parcel model with detailed microphysics.
  • Simulated cloud behavior with varying homogeneous ice nucleation rates.
  • Analyzed the sensitivity of cloud properties to nucleation temperature dependence.

Main Results:

  • Cloud properties are sensitive to homogeneous ice nucleation as warm as -30°C.
  • Cloud development is particularly sensitive to the temperature dependence of nucleation rates.
  • Threshold approximations in models may misrepresent nucleation effects.

Conclusions:

  • Homogeneous freezing is significant at temperatures warmer than commonly assumed (-30°C).
  • A threshold approximation for homogeneous freezing is inadequate.
  • Improved parameterization of homogeneous ice nucleation is crucial for climate models.