Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

70.9K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
70.9K
Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

1.1K
Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
1.1K
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

6.9K
Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
6.9K
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

1.4K
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
1.4K
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

1.4K
CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
1.4K
Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

1.7K
Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mild Neonatal Hypoxia Targets Synaptic Maturation, Disrupts Adult Hippocampal Learning and Memory, and Is Associated with CK2-Mediated Loss of Synaptic Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel KCNN2 Activity.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same author

Diet, gut microbiome, and cognition in neurodegeneration: a review and methodological framework.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience·2026
Same author

Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2α expressing neurons in acutely stressed mice.

Hormones and behavior·2026
Same author

Diet-Microbiome Relationships in Prostate-Cancer Survivors with Prior Androgen Deprivation-Therapy Exposure and Previous Exercise Intervention Enrollment.

Microorganisms·2026
Same author

Epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations precede amyloidosis in the Alzheimer's disease App<sup>NL-G-F</sup> knock-in mouse model.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Exercise, APOE Genotype, and Testosterone Modulate Gut Microbiome-Cognition Associations in Prostate Cancer Survivors.

Genes·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
09:16

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Published on: January 22, 2016

16.0K

Methamphetamine and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Damian G Zuloaga1, Jason S Jacobskind, Jason S Jacosbskind1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University at Albany Albany, NY, USA.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|June 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Methamphetamine (MA) significantly alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, impacting stress behaviors and addiction. Understanding these MA-induced HPA axis changes is crucial for developing effective addiction treatments.

Keywords:
HPA axisanxietyglucocorticoidsmethamphetaminestresssubstance abuse

More Related Videos

Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry
07:30

Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry

Published on: November 21, 2012

14.4K
The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice
07:13

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Published on: October 24, 2018

19.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
09:16

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Published on: January 22, 2016

16.0K
Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry
07:30

Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry

Published on: November 21, 2012

14.4K
The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice
07:13

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Published on: October 24, 2018

19.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Psychopharmacology

Background:

  • Psychostimulants like methamphetamine (MA) profoundly affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
  • Dysregulation of the HPA axis is linked to stress-related behaviors and addiction, including relapse.
  • Developmental and adult exposure to MA can lead to persistent HPA axis alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the acute and chronic effects of methamphetamine on the HPA axis.
  • To explore MA's impact on HPA axis-related genes, brain regions, and behaviors like anxiety and depression.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding MA's HPA axis mechanisms for treatment development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on methamphetamine and HPA axis function.
  • Analysis of research examining gene and protein expression related to the HPA axis.
  • Synthesis of findings on behavioral changes associated with MA-induced HPA axis alterations.

Main Results:

  • Methamphetamine exposure, both acute and chronic, leads to significant changes in HPA axis activity.
  • MA affects specific brain regions and molecular pathways governing the HPA axis.
  • These neurobiological changes correlate with altered anxiety and depressive behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Methamphetamine disrupts HPA axis regulation, contributing to behavioral changes relevant to addiction.
  • Targeting the MA-affected HPA axis pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for methamphetamine use disorder.
  • Further research into these mechanisms is essential for improving treatment outcomes.