Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

2.0K
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
2.0K
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

1.6K
Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
1.6K
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

1.3K
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
1.3K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.6K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.6K
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

3.8K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
3.8K
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

641
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
641

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Immune receptor LAG3 regulates microglia function during Alzheimer's disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Redefining Pavlovian conditioning.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2026
Same author

Immune receptor LAG3 regulates microglia function during Alzheimer's disease.

Neurobiology of disease·2026
Same author

An Accidental Journey Into the Black Hole of the Hippocampus and How We Learned About What Makes a Context a Context.

Hippocampus·2025
Same author

Neurobehavioral and metabolic effects of prenatal low-dose chlorpyrifos in C57BL/6J mice.

Neurotoxicology·2025
Same author

Mineralocorticoid receptor deletion alters spontaneous behavior in an automated home-cage monitoring apparatus.

Hormones and behavior·2025
Same journal

Assessing circuit function in the developing <i>Xenopus</i> tadpole: a survey of the behavioral toolkit and underlying neural substrates.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Dawn of the dread: threatening cinematic virtual reality environments enhance general but not specific pavlovian-instrumental transfer.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Transcranial alternating current stimulation improves cognitive functions in healthy subjects through modifying frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks based on personalized individual theta frequency analysis.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Functional loss of PKMζ in the dorsal hippocampus potentiates the time-dependent increase in false contextual fear memory and impairs spatial recognition memory in mice.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Distinct orbitofrontal circuits with dorsal and ventral CA1 differentially regulate spatial memory and emotional behaviors.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Towards a neurophysiological model of kundalini: a theoretical framework informed by preliminary clinical observations.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
12:49

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Published on: July 13, 2019

18.2K

A Bayesian context fear learning algorithm/automaton.

Franklin B Krasne1, Jesse D Cushman1, Michael S Fanselow2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|June 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study proposes a computational model for contextual fear conditioning, explaining how the hippocampus creates context representations and associates them with fear. The model introduces distinct hippocampal modes for representation and recall, improving understanding of memory processes.

Keywords:
Bayesianamygdalacomputational neurosciencecontextfear conditioninghippocampusmodel

More Related Videos

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
12:49

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Published on: July 13, 2019

18.2K
Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Contextual fear conditioning involves hippocampal representations and amygdala associations.
  • Current models face challenges due to variable contextual information during learning and recall.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Propose a conceptual and computational model for contextual fear conditioning.
  • Address challenges in hippocampal function models by introducing context-dependent operational modes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model where the hippocampus operates in distinct representation creation and recall modes.
  • Implemented non-hippocampal machinery to control hippocampal modes based on Bayesian Weight of Evidence.
  • Mode switching is triggered by comparing current contextual information with existing hippocampal representations.

Main Results:

  • The model predicts phenomena like immediate shock deficit and spurious fear conditioning.
  • It explains how pre-familiarization with contexts modulates conditioning.
  • The model also predicts novel, yet unobserved, conditioning phenomena.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model offers a novel framework for understanding hippocampal function in contextual fear conditioning.
  • It highlights the importance of adaptive hippocampal operating modes for memory.
  • The model provides testable predictions for future research in fear conditioning and memory.