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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

Published on: May 9, 2018

Engineering Better Lithotripters.

Christian G Chaussy¹, Hans-Göran Tiselius

¹University of Munich, Munich, Germany, cgchaussy@gmail.com.

Current Urology Reports

|June 17, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) shows promise for improved stone removal with technological advancements. Future lithotripters may offer better disintegration and fewer side effects, potentially becoming a new standard.

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Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

Urology
Biomedical Engineering
Nephrology

Background:

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a non-invasive kidney stone treatment.
SWL's popularity has declined due to perceived lower efficacy compared to endoscopic procedures.
Technical limitations in SWL hinder optimal stone disintegration and patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements aimed at improving SWL technology.
To explore potential future directions for lithotripter development.
To address the need for enhanced stone disintegration and reduced treatment impact.

Main Methods:

Summarization of recently published articles on SWL improvements.
In vitro and animal experiments investigating disintegration techniques.
Analysis of shock wave geometry and cavitation bubble control.

Main Results:

Modifications in shock wave geometry show potential for improved stone fragmentation.
Controlling cavitation bubbles may reduce tissue damage and enhance SWL effectiveness.
Novel disintegration techniques are being explored to overcome current limitations.

Conclusions:

Ongoing research focuses on enhancing SWL efficacy and patient safety.
Technological advancements may lead to a new generation of superior lithotripters.
Future developments could re-establish SWL as a leading treatment for kidney and ureteral stones.