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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Chemical Reactions01:23

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

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All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the...
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Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them...
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Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays
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Chemical computing with reaction-diffusion processes.

J Gorecki1, K Gizynski2, J Guzowski2

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland jgorecki@ichf.edu.pl.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|June 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical reactions, like the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, can process information. Researchers are exploring self-organizing droplet structures for reliable chemical computing and signal processing applications.

Keywords:
Belousov–Zhabotinsky reactionevolutionary algorithmmicrofuidic reactormutual information

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Biological information processing relies on chemical reactions.
  • Reaction-diffusion systems model fundamental aspects of biological computing.
  • The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction serves as a model for chemical information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the computational universality of chemical information processing.
  • To explore the creation of chemical signal processing devices using reaction-diffusion media.
  • To investigate self-organizing droplet structures for chemical computing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction and its photosensitive variant.
  • Designing signal processing devices based on the geometry of excitable and non-excitable regions.
  • Employing microfluidic reactors to form and manipulate lipid-covered BZ reaction droplets.
  • Introducing and tracking information flow within droplet structures.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated computational universality in chemical information processing.
  • Showcased the construction of basic signal processing devices.
  • Established that device function is dictated by medium geometry.
  • Observed spontaneous formation of droplet structures under non-equilibrium conditions.
  • Developed methods for information introduction, tracking, and optimization in droplet systems.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical reaction-diffusion systems exhibit universal information processing capabilities.
  • Self-organizing droplet structures offer a promising strategy for generating reliable chemical computing devices.
  • These droplet-based systems have potential applications in tasks like data classification.