Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Feedback Loops

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

Internal Receptors

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Proofreading

Proofreading

What are Second Messengers?

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Long-Term Outcomes After Endoscopic Papillary Large Balloon Dilation With Endoscopic Sphincterotomy for Difficult Biliary Stones: A Multicenter Retrospective Longitudinal Study.

Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society·2026

Same author

Covered self-expandable metal stents in benign biliary strictures caused by chronic pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial of 6 versus 12 months of stenting.

Surgical endoscopy·2026

Same author

Spontaneous passage of common bile duct stones after magnetic resonance imaging.

Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology·2026

Same author

Methodological guidelines for P2X receptor assays and data interpretation.

Cell death & disease·2026

Same author

Longitudinal association of circulating inflammatory biomarkers with epigenetic ageing in the Young Finns Study.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

CXCL12 and eotaxin are independent prognostic serum biomarkers in gastric cancer.

Scientific reports·2026

Same journal

The authors reply.

Critical care medicine·2026

Same journal

Attracting Emergency Medicine Graduates to Surgical Critical Care Training Programs.

Critical care medicine·2026

Same journal

The authors reply.

Critical care medicine·2026

Same journal

Beyond a Snapshot: Tracking Family Prognostic Expectations in the ICU.

Critical care medicine·2026

Same journal

The authors reply.

Critical care medicine·2026

Same journal

Plasma Levels of Soluble ST2 Reflect Extrapulmonary Organ Dysfunction and Predict Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Failure: Beware of Potential Confounders.

Critical care medicine·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

The authors reply

Mikael Maksimow¹, Lea Kyhälä, Leena Kylänpää

¹MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Critical Care Medicine

|June 17, 2015

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Studying Aggression in Drosophila fruit flies

Studying Aggression in Drosophila fruit flies

Published on: February 25, 2007

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Studying Aggression in Drosophila fruit flies

Studying Aggression in Drosophila fruit flies

Published on: February 25, 2007