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Related Concept Videos

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:26

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics01:14

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in several different ways, and all of them can be shown to imply the others. The Clausius’ statement of the second law of thermodynamics is based on the irreversibility of spontaneous heat flow. It states that heat will not flow from the colder body to the hotter body unless some other process is involved. Additionally, as per the Kelvin’s statement, it is impossible to convert the heat from a single source into work without any other...
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Second chances.

Lina Nagia1, Jennifer I Doyle1, James R Hackney2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|June 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A case study details an 81-year-old woman with vision loss in her left eye. Optic nerve biopsy revealed a diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II), a rare cause of optic nerve swelling and vision deterioration.

Keywords:
IDH1 markerTP53 markerWHO grade IIoptic nerve biopsyoptic nerve glioma/astrocytoma

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Optic nerve tumors can present with vision loss and optic disc swelling.
  • Differentiating optic nerve tumors from other inflammatory or infiltrative conditions is clinically challenging.

Observation:

  • An 81-year-old woman experienced progressive vision loss and optic disc pallor in her left eye.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged and enhanced left orbital optic nerve.
  • Vitreous analysis revealed benign lymphocytes, excluding inflammatory causes.

Findings:

  • Optic nerve biopsy confirmed a diffuse astrocytoma, World Health Organization (WHO) grade II.
  • The tumor infiltrated the optic nerve, leading to irreversible vision loss.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering low-grade gliomas in the differential diagnosis of optic nerve abnormalities.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for preserving vision in patients with optic nerve tumors.