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Temperament and suicide: A national study.

Elie G Karam1, Lynn Itani2, John Fayyad1

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Anxious temperament strongly predicts suicide attempts, even without mental disorders. Depressive and irritable temperaments increase risk with mental disorders, while hyperthymic temperament shows a dual role in females.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Temperament traits are linked to suicidality, but associations with suicide attempts lack national-level data, especially in individuals without mental disorders.
  • The protective role of hyperthymic temperament against mental disorders is established, yet its impact on self-harm remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between affective temperaments and suicide attempts in a nationally representative adult population.
  • To examine the role of temperaments in suicide attempts among individuals with and without diagnosed mental disorders.
  • To explore the nuanced effects of hyperthymic temperament on suicide attempts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nationally representative data from Lebanese adults.
  • Assessed mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
  • Evaluated five affective temperaments using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A).

Main Results:

  • Anxious temperament is a significant risk factor for suicide attempts, present in individuals both with (OR: 10.1) and without (OR: 9.0) mental disorders.
  • Depressive (OR: 4.3) and irritable (OR: 5.1) temperaments are risk factors for suicide attempts in those with mental disorders.
  • Hyperthymic temperament exhibits a dual role in females with mental disorders: self-confidence is protective, while traits like bossiness and argumentativeness increase risk.

Conclusions:

  • Anxious temperament is a robust predictor of suicide attempts across the community, irrespective of mental disorder status.
  • Irritable and depressive temperaments add to suicide attempt risk in individuals with mental disorders.
  • Hyperthymic temperament presents a complex profile, offering protection against suicidal behavior but also posing risks due to specific traits in individuals with mental disorders.