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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

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Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

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Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

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Maxillary Sinus Aeration in Allergic Rhinitis.

Mustafa Kaymakci1, Fuat Erel, Erdogan Bulbul

  • 1Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Allergy, and Radiology, Balikesir University Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir; and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eskisehir Yunus Emre Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|June 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is linked to reduced maxillary sinus aeration. Patients with AR showed significantly smaller maxillary sinus volumes compared to controls, indicating AR negatively impacts sinus health.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Allergology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common condition causing nasal obstruction.
  • Maxillary sinus aeration is crucial for sinonasal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between allergic rhinitis and maxillary sinus aeration.
  • To compare maxillary sinus volumes in patients with and without AR.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty-two patients with nasal obstruction were enrolled.
  • Patients were divided into two groups based on skin prick test (SPT) results: positive for AR (Group 1) and negative (Group 2).
  • 3D CT reconstructions were used to calculate maxillary sinus volumes (MSVs).

Main Results:

  • Mean MSV in Group 1 (AR positive) was 21.87 cm³.
  • Mean MSV in Group 2 (AR negative) was 30.15 cm³.
  • A statistically significant difference in MSVs was observed between the groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Patients with allergic rhinitis have significantly smaller maxillary sinus volumes.
  • Allergic rhinitis negatively impacts maxillary sinus aeration.
  • Findings suggest a link between AR and impaired sinus development or function.