Practical strategies to enhance executive functioning and strengthen diabetes management across the lifespan

The complex type 1 diabetes (T1D) management regimen places extra demands on one's ability to plan, organize, and problem-solve, a set of skills described as executive functioning (EF). Research on the relation between EF and T1D management has been mounting and suggest that deficits in EF skills likely interfere with optimal management. However, given the substantial EF demands of T1D management, any person with T1D, including those without clinically significant deficits, could likely benefit from strategies to improve diabetes-related EF skills. The current review outlines typical EF development across the lifespan and suggests behavioral strategies (e.g., environmental modifications) from the EF literature and clinical experience to enhance EF skills at each period of development. When executive dysfunction is suspected, formal neuropsychological assessment is recommended as EF concerns can be a significant problem of their own, or they could be an indicator of another psychological disorder, such as depression or dementia.