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Diabetes in India: what is different?

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Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
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The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly among Asian Indians due to lifestyle changes. This population exhibits unique characteristics, including earlier onset, central obesity, and increased cardiovascular risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health concern.
  • Asian Indians represent a high-risk population for developing type 2 diabetes.
  • Understanding the unique phenotype of diabetes in this demographic is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and pathogenesis of diabetes in Asian Indians.
  • To specifically focus on the 'Asian Indian type 2 diabetes phenotype'.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of pathogenesis and clinical characteristics.
  • Comparison with Caucasian populations.

Main Results:

  • Diabetes prevalence is rapidly increasing in Asian Indians, especially in urban India.
  • The Asian Indian phenotype includes younger onset, central obesity, insulin resistance, and early beta-cell dysfunction.
  • This group has a higher risk of premature coronary artery disease.

Conclusions:

  • The clinical profile of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians differs significantly from Caucasians.
  • Key differences include central obesity, elevated inflammatory markers, insulin resistance, and beta-cell decline.
  • Further mechanistic studies are required to elucidate the pathophysiology of this distinct phenotype.