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Gambling problems in bipolar disorder in the UK: prevalence and distribution

Lisa Jones¹, Alice Metcalf¹, Katherine Gordon-Smith¹

¹Lisa Jones, PhD, Alice Metcalf, Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham; Katherine Gordon-Smith, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, and National Centre for Mental Health, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University; Liz Forty, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University; Amy Perry, BSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham; Joanne Lloyd, PhD, School of Psychology, Sport and Exercise Health, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent; John R. Geddes, MD, FRCPsych, Guy M. Goodwin, FMedSci, DPhil, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Ian Jones, PhD, MRCPsych, Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University; Robert D. Rogers, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, and School of Psychology, Bangor University, UK.

The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental Science

|June 20, 2015

Abstract

Background:

North American studies show bipolar disorder is associated with elevated rates of problem gambling; however, little is known about rates in the different presentations of bipolar illness.

Aims:

To determine the prevalence and distribution of problem gambling in people with bipolar disorder in the UK.

Method:

The Problem Gambling Severity Index was used to measure gambling problems in 635 participants with bipolar disorder.

Results:

Moderate to severe gambling problems were four times higher in people with bipolar disorder than in the general population, and were associated with type 2 disorder (OR = 1.74, P = 0.036), history of suicidal ideation or attempt (OR = 3.44, P = 0.02) and rapid cycling (OR = 2.63, P = 0.008).

Conclusions:

Approximately 1 in 10 patients with bipolar disorder may be at moderate to severe risk of problem gambling, possibly associated with suicidal behaviour and a rapid cycling course. Elevated rates of gambling problems in type 2 disorder highlight the probable significance of modest but unstable mood disturbance in the development and maintenance of such problems.

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