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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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IntroductionThe management of angina requires a comprehensive approach that includes pharmacological therapies, medical procedures, and lifestyle modifications.Pharmacological TherapiesAntiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor, play a pivotal role in preventing thrombus formation in patients with angina. These medications inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce the likelihood of myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events.Anticoagulants, including...
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Updated: Apr 9, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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Giant cell arteritis: Current treatment and management.

Cristina Ponte1, Ana Filipa Rodrigues1, Lorraine O'Neill1

  • 1Cristina Ponte, Ana Filipa Rodrigues, Lorraine O'Neill, Raashid Ahmed Luqmani, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|June 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) treatment relies on glucocorticoids but causes toxicity. New targeted therapies and imaging biomarkers are under investigation to improve GCA management and monitoring.

Keywords:
Disease managementGiant cell arteritisGlucocorticoidsImmunosuppressive agentsTherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common primary vasculitis.
  • Glucocorticoids are the standard initial treatment for GCA to prevent severe outcomes like blindness.
  • Glucocorticoid therapy is associated with significant toxicity in over 80% of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging treatment and monitoring strategies for GCA.
  • To highlight the limitations of existing therapies and the need for improved management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on GCA treatment and monitoring.
  • Discussion of established therapies (glucocorticoids) and emerging treatments (tocilizumab, abatacept).
  • Evaluation of diagnostic and monitoring tools, including inflammatory markers and imaging techniques.

Main Results:

  • Glucocorticoids are effective but toxic; steroid-sparing agents lack robust evidence.
  • Tocilizumab shows promise and is in a randomized controlled trial; abatacept is under investigation.
  • Biomarkers for therapy response are lacking; monitoring relies on clinical assessment and inflammatory markers.
  • Imaging, such as ultrasound, is crucial for screening and may serve as a biomarker for disease activity and treatment response.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal treatment and monitoring strategies for GCA remain uncertain.
  • Further research into targeted therapies and reliable biomarkers is essential for effective GCA management.
  • A multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical assessment, inflammatory markers, and advanced imaging is necessary.