Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

1.3K
Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
1.3K
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

905
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
905
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

1.5K
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
1.5K
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

1.6K
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
1.6K
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

53
Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
53
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

50
Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
50

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Recent SARS-CoV-2 infections and increased antibody responses to viral antigens are associated with greater autoantibody reactivity.

Immunology letters·2026
Same author

Systematic Evidence Map for the Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Universe.

Environmental health perspectives·2026
Same author

Cyanobacterial bloom occurrence and emergency department visits for asthma or wheeze, Wisconsin, 2017-2019.

Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same author

Evaluating Associations Between Drought and West Nile Virus Epidemics: A Systematic Review.

Microorganisms·2025
Same author

Novel insights into cyanobacterial (microcystins) neurotoxicity in rats: hepatic encephalopathy.

Archives of toxicology·2025
Same author

Spreading the Word: Sharing EPA's COVID-19 Research Results.

EM plus·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 9, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

27.9K

Flooding and Clostridium difficile Infection: A Case-Crossover Analysis.

Cynthia J Lin1,2, Timothy J Wade3, Elizabeth D Hilborn4

  • 1University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. cjlin@email.unc.edu.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|June 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Flooding may increase Clostridium difficile infections, particularly in working-age adults and males, within two weeks following the event. This highlights a potential public health risk associated with climate change-induced natural disasters.

Keywords:
Clostridium difficilecase-crossovercommunity-associatedepidemiologyflooding

More Related Videos

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
11:13

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Published on: September 14, 2013

40.4K
A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

9.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 9, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

27.9K
Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
11:13

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Published on: September 14, 2013

40.4K
A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

9.5K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a waterborne bacterium causing gastrointestinal illness, primarily in older, hospitalized individuals.
  • Community-associated C. diff infections are increasingly reported in healthy individuals.
  • Climate change is projected to increase the frequency of flood events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between flood events and emergency room (ER) and outpatient visits for C. diff infection.
  • To assess the risk of C. diff diagnosis in the weeks following a flood event.

Main Methods:

  • A case-crossover study design was employed.
  • Data from Massachusetts (2003-2007) included 129 flood events and 1575 C. diff diagnoses.
  • Fixed-effects logistic regression analyzed C. diff risk across different post-flood risk periods (0-6, 7-13, 14-20, 21-27 days).

Main Results:

  • An elevated risk of C. diff infection was observed among working-age adults (19-64 years) 7-13 days post-flood (OR = 1.69).
  • This association was more pronounced in males during the 7-13 day period (OR = 3.21).
  • No significant associations were found during other risk periods.

Conclusions:

  • Flood events may be associated with an increased incidence of C. diff infections, particularly in working-age adults and males.
  • This finding warrants consideration for public health preparedness, especially given projected increases in flooding due to climate change.
  • Further research is needed to distinguish between community-associated and nosocomial C. diff infections in relation to flood events.